Presented by: Ahmad Alam MBBS, MS
John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia

Introduction

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi, also referred to as Rhazes in Latin, was a prominent philosopher, alchemist, and physician who lived during the Abbasid Caliphate and was born in the 8th century near Tehran, which is presently located in Iran. With an early emphasis on the importance of experimental medicine, he demonstrated expertise in this field and subsequently secured the role of chief physician at both the hospitals in Baghdad and Ray, leading to a highly accomplished medical career.

Materials

Rhazes made significant contributions to the field of urology by advancing the understanding and management of various urological conditions. His work included the first description of the differences between renal colic and abdominal colic, with specific attention given to the localization of pain. In addition, he advocated for a thorough examination of urine, encompassing analysis of its clarity, color, sediment, and consistency, in order to discern underlying pathologies. Rhazes' recommendations for the prevention of renal calculus formation emphasized dietary and lifestyle modifications, such as avoidance of heavy foods and drinks and use of natural diuretics. These recommendations are consistent with contemporary advice centered around the principles of diet, hydration, and diuresis.

Results

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Rhazes' surgical innovations in urology were groundbreaking. He championed the crushing of stones within the bladder before retrieval, thereby reducing the required size of incisions. In addition, he advocated for preoperative enemas prior to lithotomy for bladder stones. Rhazes also made important contributions to the refinement of urological instruments. He promoted the use of lead in the manufacture of catheters to enhance their pliability and safety. Moreover, he advocated for the replacement of the catheter tip opening with eyelets located on the sides which enabled safer and more effective catheterization procedures.

Conclusion

Rhazes was a prominent physician whose lasting impact on medicine in Europe can be attributed to his seminal work, Kitab al-Hawi (Liber Continens). This magnum opus served as a foundational teaching text for medical schools, exerting a significant influence on medical education and practice for centuries following his passing.

Funding

None